The apical terminus - an historical battle that challenges contemporary applications

– The complexities of apical anatomy: choice of treatment tactics

– Understanding of root canals: historical aspects

– The result of endodontic treatment: factors

– Biological aspects of root canal treatment

– Healing of periapical tissues: conditions

– Protrusion of gutta-percha for the apex: tactics

– Basic principles of root canal treatment

– Apical «barbarians" and "pulpophiles": differences in concepts

– The concept of apical patency: significance for the outcome of treatment

– Canal length:

- Criteria for determining

- Radiological parameters

- Apexlocator application.

– Overfill and flush fill: advantages and disadvantages

– Types of periapical healing

– Tissue response to the filling materials

– "Cement canals": the concept and its meaning.

Recommended for: Endodontist, Pediatric dentist, General dentist.